Galski T, Ehle H T, Williams J B
Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation, East Orange, New Jersey 07018, USA.
Am J Occup Ther. 1998 Apr;52(4):268-75. doi: 10.5014/ajot.52.4.268.
This research was a preliminary effort to determine whether various driving situations seemed to require different driving skills and abilities and to identify the relative demands of specific physical, perceptual, cognitive, behavioral, and operational skills and abilities in different driving situations.
Experienced driver evaluators and trainers estimated the magnitude of driving abilities and skills for different photographed driving situations. Pictures of driving scenarios were counterbalanced for road type, traffic condition, and weather condition.
A multifactorial analysis of variance of the total score for each scenario revealed significant main effects for road type and traffic condition but not for weather condition. Highway and city driving were rated as significantly more demanding overall than residential driving, but no difference was found between city and highway driving. Estimates of the overall demands for driving in heavy traffic were significantly greater than in light traffic. However, driving in inclement weather was not regarded as significantly more demanding than driving in sunny weather. Additionally, significant interaction effects were found for road type by weather condition and traffic by weather condition but not for road type by traffic condition. Through multivariate methods to evaluate the significance of individual abilities and skills across conditions, significant main and interactive effects were found for road type, traffic condition, and weather condition. Post hoc analyses showed the impact of these effects on such abilities and skills as scanning, attention and concentration, information-processing speed, and others.
Evaluators' quantified estimates of driving demands showed driving as a complex task that (a) requires high levels of abilities and skills in all situations; (b) demands greater abilities in some situations than in others; and (c) involves different kinds and various degrees of abilities and skills, depending on the demand characteristics of the situation.
本研究旨在初步确定不同的驾驶情境是否似乎需要不同的驾驶技能和能力，并识别在不同驾驶情境中特定身体、感知、认知、行为和操作技能及能力的相对需求。
经验丰富的驾驶员评估人员和培训师对不同拍摄驾驶情境下的驾驶能力和技能程度进行了评估。驾驶场景的图片在道路类型、交通状况和天气状况方面进行了平衡处理。
对每个情境总分的多因素方差分析显示，道路类型和交通状况有显著的主效应，但天气状况没有。总体而言，高速公路和城市驾驶的要求被评为比住宅驾驶显著更高，但城市驾驶和高速公路驾驶之间没有差异。对交通拥堵时驾驶的总体需求估计显著高于交通顺畅时。然而，在恶劣天气下驾驶并不被认为比在晴天驾驶要求显著更高。此外，发现了道路类型与天气状况以及交通与天气状况之间的显著交互效应，但道路类型与交通状况之间没有。通过多变量方法评估不同条件下个体能力和技能的显著性，发现道路类型、交通状况和天气状况有显著的主效应和交互效应。事后分析显示了这些效应对扫视、注意力和专注力、信息处理速度等能力和技能的影响。
评估人员对驾驶需求的量化估计表明，驾驶是一项复杂的任务，（a）在所有情况下都需要高水平的能力和技能；（b）在某些情况下比其他情况需要更高的能力；（c）根据情境的需求特征，涉及不同种类和不同程度的能力和技能。
