Klass D B, Offenkrantz W
Int J Psychoanal Psychother. 1976;5:547-65.
As a means for presenting Sartre's insights into the narcissistic problems of the self, we have used his phenomenological system as articulated in Being and Nothingness (1943) to illuminate these issues in the personality of Roquentin, the hero of his novel Nausea (1938). Roquentin attempts to stabilize his fragmenting self and to avoid "nausea" by using three mechanisms which Sartre argues maintain the self from drowning in the objects of the self. These are "reflection," "temporality" (continuity through time), and "being-for-others" (how we experience another's view of ourselves). In Sartre's conception of being-for-others lies many clinically useful insights which can be used to explain both the structure and the instability of the transferences seen in the treatment of narcissistic personality disorders. Sartre demonstrates by implication that the patient must maintain (by using bad faith, i.e., disavowal) that the therapist is acting freely, or these transferences collapse. Thus, the patient must feel he is the unique and special "occasion," of any warmth, empathy, or compliments. A case example is included to illustrate these issues of freedom and bad faith.
作为呈现萨特对自我自恋问题见解的一种方式，我们运用了他在《存在与虚无》（1943年）中阐述的现象学体系，来阐明其小说《恶心》（1938年）主人公洛根丁人格中的这些问题。洛根丁试图通过运用三种机制来稳定他正在分裂的自我并避免“恶心”，萨特认为这些机制能使自我不至于淹没在自我的对象之中。这三种机制是“反思”“时间性”（贯穿时间的连续性）和“为他人存在”（我们如何体验他人对自己的看法）。在萨特的“为他人存在”概念中蕴含着许多临床上有用的见解，可用于解释在自恋型人格障碍治疗中所见到的移情的结构与不稳定性。萨特含蓄地表明，患者必须（通过使用自欺，即否认）认定治疗师是在自由行动，否则这些移情就会瓦解。因此，患者必须觉得自己是任何温暖、共情或赞美所针对的独特且特殊的“契机”。文中包含一个案例来阐释这些关于自由和自欺的问题。
