MR angiography of the thoracic, abdominal, and extremity venous system.

MR angiography is a useful clinical tool for noninvasive evaluation of the abdominal, thoracic, and peripheral venous system. A variety of MR techniques are available, although two-dimensional time-of-flight is used most commonly. MR imaging of the venous system is less hindered by technical limitations and artifacts commonly encountered with imaging of the arterial system. This article reviews the most commonly used techniques and their clinical application.