Levine C
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1976 Jul;34(1):41-6. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.34.1.41.
By taking into account a respondent's role-taking standpoint, this study proposes that moral judgments coded at Kohlberg's conventional stages can be expected to vary depending upon (a) the identity of the protagonist implicated in the moral dilemma and (b) the nature of the issues raised by the moral dilemmas used. Different groups of respondents were asked to answer three versions of Kohlberg's moral judgment questionnaire. One version implicated strangers in the dilemmas used (fictitious-other questionnaire), while the other two versions implicated respondents' best friends or mothers (primary-other questionnaires). A comparison of these questionnaire treatments indicates that Stage 3 response rate significantly increases and Stage 4 response rate significantly decreases when respondents answer primary-other questionnaires. It is suggested that this finding casts doubt on the adequacy of the displacement view of moral stage acquisition. The displacement perspective argues that as more cognitively complex structures are acquired, earlier acquired structures are displaced. In contrast, the present study proposes that a "nondisplacement" view of stage acquisition is required in order to explain variation observed at Stage 3 when it may be assumed that a Stage 4 reasoning capability has been acquired.
通过考虑受访者的角色视角，本研究提出，基于科尔伯格习俗水平阶段编码的道德判断可能会因以下因素而有所不同：（a）道德困境中涉及的主角身份；（b）所使用的道德困境提出的问题性质。不同组的受访者被要求回答科尔伯格道德判断问卷的三个版本。一个版本在使用的困境中涉及陌生人（虚构他人问卷），而其他两个版本涉及受访者最好的朋友或母亲（主要他人问卷）。对这些问卷处理方式的比较表明，当受访者回答主要他人问卷时，第三阶段的回答率显著增加，第四阶段的回答率显著下降。有人认为，这一发现对道德阶段获得的替代观点的充分性提出了质疑。替代观点认为，随着获得更具认知复杂性的结构，早期获得的结构会被替代。相比之下，本研究提出，为了解释在第三阶段观察到的变化（此时可能假定已经获得了第四阶段的推理能力），需要一种“非替代”的阶段获得观点。
