Dietzsch H J, Leupold W
Z Erkr Atmungsorgane. 1976 Mar;144(3):233-9.
Physiological conditions of respiration in children are defined especially by - relative hyperventilation because of high oxygen uptake per body surface, - relative narrow and soft airways with high tendency to obstruction, causing atelectasis, pneumonia or severe bronchiolitis. It is useful to differentiate between bronchiolitis and spastic or asthmatoid bronchitis, the latter being sensible to Adrenalin and developing to asthma of adults. Characteristical signs of asthmatoid bronchitis are bronchial hyperreactivity, increased airway-resistance and residual volume, decreased FEV 1, pulmonary compliance, arterial PO2 and PCO2 with signs of pulmonary inhomogeneity. Mucviscidosis, starting from abnormal viscosity of bronchial secretion, is functionally characterized by similar signs, so are increased RV with air-trapping, decreased FEV 1, VC, PO2a and pulmonary inhomogeneity. Diffuse progressive interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (HAMMAN-RICH) of acute type being mostly lethal in children up to 2 years of age and of subacute type in older children shows diffusion disturbance and characteristical ventilation disturbance with reduction of inspiratory reserve volume and enlargement of functional residual capacity but normal FEV 1. Disturbances are sensible to corticoid-therapy.
由于每单位体表面积的高氧摄取导致的相对过度通气；相对狭窄且柔软的气道，极易阻塞，从而引发肺不张、肺炎或严重的细支气管炎。区分细支气管炎与痉挛性或哮喘样支气管炎很有必要，后者对肾上腺素敏感，并可能发展为成人哮喘。哮喘样支气管炎的特征性体征包括支气管高反应性、气道阻力增加和残气量增加、第一秒用力呼气容积（FEV1）降低、肺顺应性降低、动脉血氧分压（PO2）和二氧化碳分压（PCO2）降低以及肺不均匀性体征。黏液黏稠病始于支气管分泌物异常黏稠，其功能特征为类似体征，如伴有气体潴留的残气量增加、FEV1降低、肺活量（VC）降低、动脉血氧分压（PO2a）降低以及肺不均匀性。急性型弥漫性进行性间质性肺纤维化（哈曼 - 里奇病）在2岁以下儿童中大多致命，在大龄儿童中为亚急性型，表现为弥散障碍和特征性通气障碍，吸气储备容积减少，功能残气量增加，但FEV1正常。这些障碍对皮质类固醇治疗敏感。
