Riesenfeld A
Acta Anat (Basel). 1976;94(2):169-83. doi: 10.1159/000144553.
(1) There are considerable differences in body constitution in different strains of rats, ranging from very robust to very gracile forms. The differences are greater in the larger males than in the smaller females. (2)Craniofacial and postcranial proportions of the trunk in domesticated strains of rats differ either uniformly or mosaically from the wild form. (3)Nasal shape differs greatly in rats ranging from extreme leptorrhine to extreme platyrrhine forms, giving a total range greater than in human populations. (4)Fisher 344 rats have long tails and extremities and Buffalo and GRL short tails and extremities. (5)Wistar and ACI rats have longer tails than wild rats but do not differ significantly from wild rats in the relative length of their other extremities. (6)The relationship between tail and extremity length is under genetic control which is concordant in Fisher, Buffalo and GRL rats, but discordant in the Lewis, Wistar and ACI strains. (7)There is no connection between relative extremity length and total body constitution since short-limbed strains occupy both the highest (Buffalo) and lowest (GRL) levels o f robusticity, and strains that do not differ in relative extremity length from wild rats differ greatly from each other in constitutional type (Wistar and ACI). (8)Differences of relative extremity length and nasal shape in rats have their parallels in human populations. But in human populations they follow Allen's ecological "rule" and can be duplicated experimentally. In rats here used, however, they do not result from any known ecological pressures, but from the genetic factors acting in breeding isolates.
(1)不同品系的大鼠在身体构造上存在显著差异，从非常强壮到非常纤弱的形态都有。较大的雄性大鼠之间的差异比小体型的雌性大鼠之间的差异更大。(2)家养品系大鼠的颅面和躯干后段比例与野生形态相比，要么整体不同，要么呈镶嵌式不同。(3)大鼠的鼻形差异极大，从极端狭鼻型到极端阔鼻型都有，其总体范围比人类群体中的还要大。(4)费希尔344大鼠尾巴和四肢较长，而布法罗大鼠和GRL大鼠尾巴和四肢较短。(5)Wistar大鼠和ACI大鼠的尾巴比野生大鼠长，但其他四肢的相对长度与野生大鼠相比无显著差异。(6)尾巴和四肢长度之间的关系受遗传控制，在费希尔、布法罗和GRL大鼠中是一致的，但在刘易斯、Wistar和ACI品系中不一致。(7)四肢相对长度与整体身体构造之间没有关联，因为短肢品系既有最强壮的（布法罗大鼠），也有最纤弱的（GRL大鼠），而且与野生大鼠四肢相对长度无差异的品系在体质类型上彼此差异很大（Wistar大鼠和ACI大鼠）。(8)大鼠四肢相对长度和鼻形的差异在人类群体中有类似情况。但在人类群体中，它们遵循艾伦的生态“规律”，并且可以通过实验重现。然而，在这里所使用的大鼠中，它们并非来自任何已知的生态压力，而是来自在繁殖隔离群体中起作用的遗传因素。
