Lisowski F P, Albrecht G H
Am J Phys Anthropol. 1976 Jul;45(1):5-18. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330450103.
Analysis of measurements from the tali of 21 individual fossil primates from Africa shows that the specimens fall into five clearly defined groups. Accordingly, these specimens have been included as groups along with extant species in a subsequent canonical analysis thus allowing the fossils to play their part in the determination of the canonical separations. The results of this procedure show that the five fossil groups lie in a part of the canonical space not occupied by any extant African primate. Their positions are between the envelope of Asiatic apes (Hylobates and Pongo) and the envelope of African forms near the edge which contains Pan and Papio. One fossil group is so similar to Hylobates that its talus may have functioned in locomotion in a parallel manner. Others lie near to Pongo in directions proceeding towards Pan and Papio and it is possible that this similarity may indicate remnants of morphological adaptation for climbing in these fossils. At the same time, however, individual specimens are closer to one or another of the extant groups and this considerable spread suggests that the locomotor adaptations as evidenced by talar morphology, of the primate fauna in Africa, may have been very different from those of the present day. This would not the inconsistent with the different habitats, floras and non-primate faunas that may have characterized the East African scene at these earlier times. Particular fossils from Olduvai and Kromdraai that are supposed to be australopithecine and therefore bipeds, are confirmed (Oxnard, '72; Lisowski et al., '74) as being totally different from man in their talar morphology and essentially rather similar to the majority of the other fossil tali examined.
对来自非洲的21个个体化石灵长类动物距骨的测量分析表明，这些标本可分为五个明确界定的组。因此，在随后的典型分析中，这些标本与现存物种一起被作为组纳入，从而使化石在确定典型分离中发挥作用。这一过程的结果表明，这五个化石组位于现存非洲灵长类动物未占据的典型空间部分。它们的位置在亚洲猿类（长臂猿和猩猩）的包络线与靠近边缘包含黑猩猩和狒狒的非洲形态的包络线之间。一个化石组与长臂猿非常相似，以至于其距骨在运动中可能以类似的方式发挥作用。其他化石组在朝着黑猩猩和狒狒的方向上靠近猩猩，这种相似性可能表明这些化石中存在攀爬形态适应的残余。然而，与此同时，单个标本更接近现存组中的一个或另一个，这种相当大的分布表明，非洲灵长类动物群由距骨形态所证明的运动适应可能与当今的非常不同。这与这些早期时期可能表征东非场景的不同栖息地、植物群和非灵长类动物群并不矛盾。来自奥杜威和克罗姆德莱的特定化石被认为是南方古猿，因此是两足动物，已被证实（奥克斯纳德，1972年；利索夫斯基等人，1974年）在距骨形态上与人类完全不同，并且基本上与所检查的大多数其他化石距骨相当相似。
