Wiley R H
Anim Behav. 1976 Aug;24(3):570-84. doi: 10.1016/s0003-3472(76)80070-x.
Most communication among common grackles Quiscalus quiscula occurs at distances of less than a few metres in the noisy environment of a breeding colony. This report examines both the adaptations of communication to these conditions and the effects of communication in regulating individual's spatial relationships. For each of six vocalizations and five action patterns studied in one colony, I consider variation in the form of the display, the circumstances associated with its use, and the responses it elicits. Each individual, male or female, has one characteristic, stereotyped song pattern that would facilitate individual recognition between mates. Variation in the components of vocalizations and action patterns is of two kinds: unidimensional, with either covarying or nested components, or multidimensional, with independently varying components, alternatives that have different implications for communication. The wide-spectrum sounds made by common grackles offer advantages in close-range communication in colonies, because the ease of locating such signals would minimize the cocktail-party effect, although they would have disadvantages in long-range communication. Most vocalizations of common grackles lack assocations with specific responses or external contexts, a situation that should often characterize short-range communication between acquainted individuals. The responses to vocalizations vary with context, especially the initial spatial relationships and identities of the interactors.
在繁殖群体嘈杂的环境中，普通拟八哥（Quiscalus quiscula）之间的大多数交流都发生在距离不到几米的范围内。本报告研究了交流对这些条件的适应性以及交流在调节个体空间关系方面的作用。对于在一个群体中研究的六种发声和五种行为模式中的每一种，我都考虑了展示形式的变化、与其使用相关的情况以及它所引发的反应。每个个体，无论雄性还是雌性，都有一种独特的、固定的鸣叫模式，这有助于配偶之间的个体识别。发声和行为模式组成部分的变化有两种：一维的，具有协变或嵌套的组成部分；或多维的，具有独立变化的组成部分，这两种情况对交流有不同的影响。普通拟八哥发出的广谱声音在群体近距离交流中具有优势，因为定位此类信号的便利性将使鸡尾酒会效应最小化，尽管它们在远距离交流中会有劣势。普通拟八哥的大多数发声与特定反应或外部环境没有关联，这种情况通常是熟悉个体之间短距离交流的特征。对发声的反应因情境而异，尤其是互动者最初的空间关系和身份。
