DNA single strand breaks and adenine nucleotide depletion as indices of oxidant effects on human lung cells.

The comet assay (single cell gel electrophoresis) is a novel method to assess DNA strand breaks in single cells. We studied the oxidant sensitivity of cultured primary and transformed (MeT-5A) human pleural mesothelial cells, as well as primary and transformed (BEAS 2B) human bronchial epithelial cells, and compared the results obtained with the Comet assay to other markers of oxidant effects on cells, such as depletion of intracellular high-energy nucleotides (ATP, ADP, AMP), accumulation of products of nucleotide catabolism (xanthine, hypoxanthine, uric acid), and release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The cells were exposed for 5 min to 4 h to 50-500 microM H2O2 or to 5-50 microM menadione. Significant tail moment increase, which is a marker of DNA strand breaks in the Comet assay, and intracellular nucleotide depletion occurred simultaneously in MeT-5A and BEAS 2B cells during the first 30-60 min of exposure to H2O2 and menadione. In the Comet assay variation between the individual cells could be detected. LDH release, a marker of cell injury, showed that mesothelial cells were far more sensitive than epithelial cells to oxidant-induced lytic cell injury. MeT-5A and BEAS 2B cells contained similar intracellular antioxidant enzyme activities, which may explain their similar oxidant sensitivity in the Comet assay. A significant increase (164%) in the tail moment was detectable in MeT-5A cells exposed to 50 microM H2O2 for 30 min. This returned to control level during the 4 h of continuing exposure. A 30 min exposure of 25 microM menadione caused a 61% increase in the mean tail moment but, unlike with H2O2, the change was irreversible during the following 4 h incubation. We conclude that human pleural mesothelial cells and bronchial epithelial cells show similar oxidant sensitivity when assessed by the Comet assay, but various oxidants differ in their potency in causing DNA breaks in these cells.