Lynch M, Cicchetti D
Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, USA.
Dev Psychopathol. 1998 Spring;10(2):235-57. doi: 10.1017/s095457949800159x.
Cicchetti and Lynch have conceptualized ecological contexts as consisting of nested levels with varying degrees of proximity to the individual. These levels of the environment interact and transact with each other over time in shaping individual development and adaptation. With a sample of maltreated (n = 188) and nonmaltreated (n = 134) children between the ages of 7 and 12 years, this investigation employed a 1-year longitudinal design to conduct an ecological-transactional analysis of the mutual relationships among community violence, child maltreatment, and children's functioning over time. Indicators of children's functioning were externalizing and internalizing behavior problems and self-rated traumatic stress reactions, depressive symptomatology, and self-esteem. Either full or partial support was obtained for the study's primary hypotheses. Rates of maltreatment, particularly physical abuse, were related to levels of child-reported violence in the community. In addition, child maltreatment and exposure to community violence were related to different aspects of children's functioning. Specific effects were observed for neglect and sexual abuse and for witnessing and being victimized by violence in the community. Finally, there was evidence that children and their contexts mutually influence each other over time. Results were discussed within the framework of an ecological-transactional model of development.
奇凯蒂和林奇将生态环境概念化为由与个体亲近程度不同的嵌套层次组成。随着时间的推移，这些环境层次在塑造个体发展和适应过程中相互作用和相互影响。本研究以188名受虐待儿童（7至12岁）和134名未受虐待儿童为样本，采用为期1年的纵向设计，对社区暴力、儿童虐待以及儿童随时间推移的机能之间的相互关系进行生态交易分析。儿童机能指标包括外化和内化行为问题、自我评定的创伤应激反应、抑郁症状以及自尊。该研究的主要假设得到了完全或部分支持。虐待率，尤其是身体虐待率，与儿童报告的社区暴力水平相关。此外，儿童虐待和接触社区暴力与儿童机能的不同方面相关。观察到忽视和性虐待以及目睹社区暴力和成为暴力受害者的具体影响。最后，有证据表明儿童及其环境随时间推移相互影响。研究结果在发展的生态交易模型框架内进行了讨论。
