Sequence specific mutations induced by N-nitrosodimethylamine at two marker loci in metabolically competent human lymphoblastoid cells.

N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a potent mutagen and animal carcinogen to which many people are exposed through the consumption of contaminated food and the use of tobacco products. Although the mutational specificity of NDMA has been studied in bacteria, little is known about the specific types of mutations induced by NDMA in the human genome. Knowledge of the mutational spectrum of NDMA in human genes may help to substantiate the role of NDMA in the etiology of human cancers. In the current study, the mutational spectrum of NDMA was characterized at the tk and hprt loci, in human lymphoblastoid cells capable of metabolically activating NDMA. A number of patterns were observed among NDMA-induced mutations. At both marker loci, G:C-->A:T transitions dominated the mutational spectrum of NDMA, which were indicative of the mutagenicity of the O6meG lesion. In addition, the majority of G:C-->A:T mutations occurred at guanines 3' to another guanine. Almost all of these mutations originated on the non-transcribed strand, which suggests that transcription-coupled repair influenced the distribution of G:C-->A:T transitions at the tk and hprt loci. Furthermore, the observation of hotspots for G:C-->A:T mutations, within both loci, suggests that differential repair kinetics may exist, and consequently affect the distribution of mutations. Finally, a comparison of the site specificity of G:C-->A:T mutations at the tk and hprt loci, indicated that the gene used for mutational analysis influenced the site specificity of NDMA-induced mutations, and possibly reflects the number of 5'-GG-3' sites in the tk and hprt loci that when mutated would yield a mutant phenotype.