Ehlert U, Straub R
Center of Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998 Jun 30;851:477-86. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09026.x.
Deviations from emotional and physiological homeostasis in humans occur under episodic, chronic, or traumatic stress experiences. These dysregulations can provoke emotional and physical disturbances that may result in stress-related psychiatric or psychosomatic disorders. This brief review discusses a variety of both naturally occurring and experimental stressors and the complexity of intervening variables on cardiovascular and hormonal dysregulations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In addition to the type, intensity, and duration of the stressor, subject variables such as dispositional factors (e.g., age and sex), personality traits, and coping styles are considered. Finally, emotional and physiological stress responses to naturally occurring stressors and psychological challenge tests in depressed patients and anxiety disorder patients are presented and discussed. Stressors in humans induce emotional arousal, which leads to physiological activation of the central nervous system, an increase of hormones of the HPA axis, and coping reactions on the psychological and behavioral level. Depending on the type, intensity, and duration of the stressor, on personal and psychosocial resources of the individual, stressful situations may provoke emotional and physical disturbances. These dysfunctions may result in psychosomatic or psychiatric disorders. The following brief review intends to discuss a variety of stressors that have been examined in humans in order to gain insight into the complex relationship between physiological and behavioral stress reactions and the occurrence or maintenance of stress related psychosomatic and psychiatric disorders.
人类在经历偶发性、慢性或创伤性应激时，会出现情绪和生理稳态的偏离。这些调节功能紊乱会引发情绪和身体上的不适，进而可能导致与应激相关的精神或身心障碍。本简要综述讨论了多种自然发生的和实验性的应激源，以及下丘脑 - 垂体 - 肾上腺（HPA）轴心血管和激素调节紊乱中干预变量的复杂性。除了应激源的类型、强度和持续时间外，还考虑了诸如性格因素（如年龄和性别）、人格特质和应对方式等个体变量。最后，介绍并讨论了抑郁症患者和焦虑症患者对自然发生的应激源以及心理挑战测试的情绪和生理应激反应。人类的应激源会引发情绪唤起，进而导致中枢神经系统的生理激活、HPA轴激素的增加以及心理和行为层面的应对反应。根据应激源的类型、强度和持续时间，以及个体的个人和社会心理资源，压力情境可能会引发情绪和身体上的不适。这些功能障碍可能会导致身心或精神障碍。以下简要综述旨在讨论已在人类身上进行研究的多种应激源，以便深入了解生理和行为应激反应与应激相关身心和精神障碍的发生或维持之间的复杂关系。
