Lysosomal lipid accumulation from oxidized low density lipoprotein is correlated with hypertrophy of the Golgi apparatus and trans-Golgi network.

Lipid accumulation within macrophages is a major sequelae of atherosclerosis. Much of this lipid accumulation occurs within large, swollen lysosomes. We analyzed lipid accumulation in cultured macrophages using oxidized or acetylated low density lipoprotein (LDL) as the loading agent. Pigeon macrophages incubated for 48 h with mildly oxidized pigeon LDL (TBARS = 5-10 nmol/mg protein) showed significant increases in cellular cholesterol compared with untreated controls. Forty-eight percent of the increased cholesterol occurred as unesterified cholesterol. Treated cells had lipid-swollen lysosomes similar to those of atherosclerotic foam cells. The increase in lysosomal lipid was accompanied (correlation coefficient of 0.96) by increases in acid phosphatase staining cisternae of the Golgi and trans-Golgi network (TGN). THP-1 macrophages incubated with oxidized LDL showed similar lysosomal loading and Golgi/TGN hypertrophy. In contrast, macrophages incubated with acetylated LDL accumulated significant amounts of cholesterol but the increase occurred as cholesteryl ester (81% in pigeons) within cytoplasmic droplets and there was no associated increase in acid phosphatase-containing cisternae of Golgi or TGN. The correlation in both pigeon and THP-1 macrophages of oxidized LDL-induced lysosomal lipid accumulation and Golgi hypertrophy suggests a linkage of these two phenomena. This implicates intracellular membrane trafficking as a possible defect in foam cells of the atherosclerotic lesion.