Angin Z, Shorter F C
Department of Sociology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80521, USA.
Soc Sci Med. 1998 Sep;47(5):555-64. doi: 10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00079-3.
This paper is concerned with the cultural construction of reproduction and gender in Turkey as it relates to the remarkable decline from high levels of fertility to near-replacement levels. It critiques demographic transition theory and family systems theory as found in the Turkish demographic discourse. A combination of ethnographic and demographic methodologies are used. The ethnographies are from working-class communities in Istanbul. A concept of negotiated conduct is used to interpret family dynamics in matters of reproductive control replacing the family systems models that are based on the assumption of male domination or patriarchy. It is found that the physical characteristics (male or female) of methods of contraception do not directly reveal whose power dominates negotiations. The variety of experience shows that not only women, but also men, negotiate in favor of birth control or, in some instances, to birth more children. The changes in structural conditions that brought fertility from high levels to near-replacement levels in Turkey were effective without very much "empowerment" of women. The proposition that women's status, in terms of education and economic activity, must improve to bring about a fertility decline is questioned by the Turkish experience.
本文关注的是土耳其生育与性别的文化建构，这与该国生育率从高水平显著下降到接近更替水平有关。它批判了土耳其人口话语中的人口转变理论和家庭系统理论。研究采用了人种志和人口统计学方法相结合的方式。人种志研究来自伊斯坦布尔的工人阶级社区。“协商行为”这一概念被用于解释生殖控制问题上的家庭动态，取代了基于男性主导或父权制假设的家庭系统模型。研究发现，避孕方法的物理特征（男性或女性使用）并不能直接揭示在协商中谁的权力占主导地位。丰富多样的经历表明，不仅女性，男性也会为了控制生育或在某些情况下生育更多孩子而进行协商。在土耳其，使生育率从高水平降至接近更替水平的结构条件变化在没有给予女性太多“赋权”的情况下就产生了效果。土耳其的经验对那种认为女性在教育和经济活动方面的地位必须提高才能导致生育率下降的观点提出了质疑。
