Ultrafast DNA analysis by capillary electrophoresis/laser-induced fluorescence detection.

The limits of ultrafast DNA analysis by CE were determined by investigating the influence of the effective capillary length and the electric field strength on the analysis time for a given peak resolution (10 bp). In accordance with theory, the use of a fast ramp power supply for narrow plug electrokinetic injection was found to be essential to minimize the extra column effects on peak dispersion. Two major column dispersion factors, longitudinal diffusion and thermal dispersion, were determined experimentally, as well as the influence of the electric field strength on the electrophoretic mobilities and diffusion coefficients of DNA. It was found that higher field strengths can be applied with lower thermal dispersion than predicted by classical CE models. This was attributed to the faster mass transport in the radial direction due to field-induced DNA orientation. Short capillaries (approximately 3-7 cm effective length) and moderate to high electric field strengths (approximately 600-800 V/cm) were used to perform a series of fast DNA separations. The dsDNA fragment standards phiX174/HaeIII and pBR322/HaeIII were separated within 30 s. The possibility for fast mutation detection was demonstrated using constant denaturant capillary electrophoresis (CDCE) for the analysis of a single base mutation in mitochondrial DNA in 72 s. The potential for fast DNA sequencing was illustrated by separating 300 ssDNA fragments within 180 s.