Modulation of androgen and progesterone receptors by phytochemicals in breast cancer cell lines.

We have used a tissue culture system based on breast carcinoma cell lines to investigate a large number of naturally occurring compounds and beverages for steroid hormone agonist and antagonist activity. The cell lines used, T-47D and BT-474, produce prostate specific antigen (PSA) upon stimulation with androgens, progestins, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. This biomarker is secreted and can be measured in the tissue culture supernatant with very high sensitivity by an immunofluorometric procedure. Steroid hormone antagonist activity can be assessed with the same system by adding the candidate antagonist first and then stimulating the cells with a known agonist. By using this system we have identified three natural compounds, apigenin, naringenin and syringic acid which exhibited weak progestational activity and eleven other compounds which exhibited weak antiandrogenic/antiprogestational activity. Our study indicates that a significant number of natural compounds have the ability to bind to steroid hormone receptors and act as weak blockers. A fewer number of compounds not only bind to the receptors but they also mediate transcriptional activity, acting as agonists. The agonists and antagonists were active at levels around 10(-5) M, in accordance with previous reports for other phytochemicals. In comparison to synthetic and natural steroid hormones, the biological activity of these compounds is weaker by a factor of approximately 10(4)-fold.