Marsh N A
Biomedical Science School of Life Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 1998 Jul;9(5):395-404. doi: 10.1097/00001721-199807000-00001.
Snake venom toxins are now regularly used in the coagulation laboratory for assaying haemostatic parameters and as coagulation reagents. Snake venom thrombin-like enzymes (SVTLE) are used for fibrinogen and fibrinogen breakdown product assay as well as detecting dysfibrinogenaemias. Significantly, because SVTLE are not inhibited by heparin, they can be used for defibrinating samples that contain the anticoagulant before assay of haemostatic variables. Prothrombin activators are found in many snake venoms and are used in prothrombin assays, for studying dysprothrombinaemias and preparing meizothrombin and non-enzymic prothrombin. Russell's viper (Daboia russelli) venom (RVV) contains a number of compounds useful in the assay of factors V, VII, X, platelet factor 3 and lupus anticoagulants. Activators from the taipan, Australian brown snake and saw-scaled viper have been used to assay lupus anticoagulants. Protein C and activated protein C resistance can be measured by means of RVV and Protac, a fast acting inhibitor from Southern copperhead snake venom and von Willebrand factor can be studied with Botrocetin from Bothrops jararaca venom. Finally, phospholipase A2 enzymes and the disintegrins, a family of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-containing proteins found in snake venoms, show great potential for the study of haemostasis including, notably, platelet glycoprotein receptors GPIIb/IIIa and Ib.
蛇毒毒素如今在凝血实验室中经常用于检测止血参数以及作为凝血试剂。蛇毒类凝血酶（SVTLE）用于纤维蛋白原和纤维蛋白原降解产物的检测以及异常纤维蛋白原血症的检测。重要的是，由于SVTLE不受肝素抑制，它们可用于在检测止血变量之前对含有抗凝剂的样本进行去纤维蛋白处理。许多蛇毒中都发现了凝血酶原激活剂，它们用于凝血酶原检测、研究凝血酶原异常血症以及制备中间凝血酶和非酶促凝血酶原。罗素蝰蛇（Daboia russelli）毒液（RVV）含有多种可用于检测因子V、VII、X、血小板因子3和狼疮抗凝物的化合物。太攀蛇、澳大利亚棕蛇和锯鳞蝰蛇的激活剂已用于检测狼疮抗凝物。蛋白C和活化蛋白C抵抗可通过RVV和Protac（一种来自南铜头蝮蛇毒液的快速作用抑制剂）进行测量，而血管性血友病因子可使用矛头蝮蛇毒液中的巴曲酶进行研究。最后，磷脂酶A2酶和去整合素（蛇毒中发现的一类含精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸（RGD）的蛋白质家族）在止血研究中显示出巨大潜力，尤其是在血小板糖蛋白受体GPIIb/IIIa和Ib的研究方面。
