Loomis J M, Klatzky R L, Philbeck J W, Golledge R G
Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106-9660, USA.
Percept Psychophys. 1998 Aug;60(6):966-80. doi: 10.3758/bf03211932.
Three experiments investigated auditory distance perception under natural listening conditions in a large open field. Targets varied in egocentric distance from 3 to 16 m. By presenting visual targets at these same locations on other trials, we were able to compare visual and auditory distance perception under similar circumstances. In some experimental conditions, observers made verbal reports of target distance. In others, observers viewed or listened to the target and then, without further perceptual information about the target, attempted to face the target, walk directly to it, or walk along a two-segment indirect path to it. The primary results were these. First, the verbal and walking responses were largely concordant, with the walking responses exhibiting less between-observer variability. Second, different motoric responses provided consistent estimates of the perceived target locations and, therefore, of the initially perceived distances. Third, under circumstances for which visual targets were perceived more or less correctly in distance using the more precise walking response, auditory targets were generally perceived with considerable systematic error. In particular, the perceived locations of the auditory targets varied only about half as much in distance as did the physical targets; in addition, there was a tendency to underestimate target distance, except for the closest targets.
三项实验研究了在大型开阔场地自然聆听条件下的听觉距离感知。目标在以自我为中心的距离上从3米到16米不等。通过在其他试验中在相同位置呈现视觉目标，我们能够在相似情况下比较视觉和听觉距离感知。在一些实验条件下，观察者对目标距离进行口头报告。在其他条件下，观察者观看或聆听目标，然后在没有关于目标的进一步感知信息的情况下，试图面向目标、直接走向目标或沿着两段间接路径走向目标。主要结果如下。首先，口头和行走反应在很大程度上是一致的，行走反应在观察者之间的变异性较小。其次，不同的运动反应对感知到的目标位置以及因此对最初感知到的距离提供了一致的估计。第三，在使用更精确的行走反应能或多或少正确感知视觉目标距离的情况下，听觉目标通常被感知到有相当大的系统误差。特别是，听觉目标的感知位置在距离上的变化仅约为物理目标的一半；此外，除了最近的目标外，有低估目标距离的趋势。
