Zhang DY
State Key Laboratory of Arid Agroecology & Department of Biology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730-000, P.R. China
J Theor Biol. 1998 May 21;192(2):143-153. doi: 10.1006/jtbi.1997.0626.
The provisioning of offspring in sexually reproducing organisms provides an arena in which genetic conflict of interests between parents and their offspring may be expressed. While most existing models of parent-offspring-conflict consider the case of a parent that rears one offspring a year, this paper is concerned with perennial plants that produce many seeds at one time. Parent-offspring conflict is examined in the context of an integrated analysis of reproductive allocation, sex allocation, and the amount of resources invested in each offspring. I derive the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) results for the allocation of resources when the mother plant is in control as well as when the offspring are in control taking into account both density-independent and density-dependent population growth. To the extent that the relationships between gamete output and resource investment are linear for both sex functions, the separate treatment of reproductive effort, sex allocation, and offspring size-number compromise in modern life-history theories is justified, regardless of which side, parents or offspring, wins the conflict. In such cases, the ESS sex allocation is exactly what is found in traditional sex allocation theory, and the ESS reproductive effort maximizes the rate of population growth in density-independent populations, or the amount of resources allocated to reproduction during an average lifespan in density-dependent populations. In contrast to the previous theoretical conclusions based on the analyses of single-offspring cases, the ESS reproductive effort under the offspring's control of allocation to individual offspring is found to be lower than that when mothers are in control. This paradoxical result occurs because a mother producing fewer ovules fares better if she knows that each of her seed offspring will get more resources than the amount she is selected to give. The evolutionarily stable offspring size in both density-independent and density-dependent populations does not depend on mother's reproductive effort and investment-independent mortality, just as traditional models of offspring size-number trade-offs would predict.Copyright 1998 Academic Press Limited
有性生殖生物的后代供给提供了一个场所，在这个场所中，父母与其后代之间的遗传利益冲突可能会表现出来。虽然现有的大多数亲子冲突模型都考虑了每年养育一个后代的父母的情况，但本文关注的是一次性产生许多种子的多年生植物。在对生殖分配、性别分配以及投入每个后代的资源量进行综合分析的背景下，研究亲子冲突。我推导了在母本植物控制资源分配以及后代控制资源分配的情况下，考虑密度独立和密度依赖种群增长时资源分配的进化稳定策略（ESS）结果。就两性功能的配子产量与资源投入之间的关系呈线性而言，现代生活史理论中对生殖努力、性别分配和后代大小 - 数量权衡的单独处理是合理的，无论父母还是后代在冲突中获胜。在这种情况下，ESS性别分配正是传统性别分配理论中所发现的，并且ESS生殖努力在密度独立种群中使种群增长率最大化，或者在密度依赖种群中使平均寿命期间分配给生殖的资源量最大化。与基于单后代情况分析得出的先前理论结论相反，发现在后代控制对单个后代的资源分配时，ESS生殖努力低于母本控制时的情况。出现这种矛盾结果的原因是，如果母本知道她的每个种子后代将获得比她被选择给予的更多的资源，那么产生较少胚珠的母本情况会更好。在密度独立和密度依赖种群中，进化稳定的后代大小并不取决于母本的生殖努力和与投资无关的死亡率，正如传统的后代大小 - 数量权衡模型所预测的那样。版权所有1998年学术出版社有限公司
