Adaptive differences in the body proportions of large felids.

Body proportions of eight species of large felids were studied and the relationship between their morphology, habitat structure and habitat utilization was analyzed. Both Panthera onca and Neofelis nebulosa are exclusive forest dwellers (found exclusively in high densly structured habitats). These felids have the relatively shortest anterior limbs and lumbar spine. In addition, P. onca has the relatively shortest posterior limbs of the large felids, while the posterior limbs of N. nebulosa are relatively long when compared with those of P. onca which seems to be an adaptation for jumping. All large fields use the anterior limbs to make primary contact with their prey. In addition, the prey taken by the forest fields can exceed their own body weight. On the other hand, the cheetah is found in low structured habitats (savanna), and it has the relatively longest limbs and lumbarspine of the large felids. But the cheetah's prey usually weigh less than its own body weight. The cheetah also employs a 'rapid pursuit phase' in hunting and is capable of overtaking its prey. The lion, however, was found to have the body proportions of a forest felid, yet it also resides in low structured habitats. It is postulated that the utilization of large prey by the lion limits the possibilities for morphological adaptations for speed. To increase hunting efficiency, reproductive success, and territorial defense on the plains, lions form prides.