Analysis of the TPA regulatory element in the genomic poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase gene in human leukemia U937 cells.

The human leukemia U937 cells differentiate into monocyte/macrophage-like cells when treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). We observed that during this process, both protein and mRNA levels for PARS markedly decreased in U937 cells. Through deletion analysis of the PARS regulatory gene, we found that the sequence within the first intron region was responsible for the TPA-dependent repression. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) and Southwestern blot analysis indicate that this element bound specifically to a nuclear protein. TPA treatment abolished the binding of the protein in U937 cells but not in HeLa cells. DNase I footprinting data show that the cis regulatory element is located between residues 328 and 383. We further examined the function of this cis element (BS207) in a basal promoter regulatory reporter construct and found that this cis element (BS207) functions as an enhancer via the binding of an unknown trans-acting factor. TPA treatment diminished the binding activity of the factor in U937 cells, resulting in a decrease in the enhanced activity to the basal level. These results suggest that abolishment of the binding of a special nuclear protein to the first intron of the PARS gene is related to the TPA-responsive downregulation of PARS in U937 cells.