Bang SS, Johnston D
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E. St. Joseph Street, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1998 Nov;35(4):580-7. doi: 10.1007/s002449900419.
The environmental impacts of Ice Sheartrade mark, an alternative highway deicer, have been evaluated using standard laboratory tests; biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) tests, chemical oxygen demand (COD) tests, acute rainbow trout bioassays, and phytotoxicity tests were used. Ice Shear consists of equimolar sodium acetate and sodium formate. The organic matter of the deicer can be readily degraded microbiologically in the natural environment with a slow rate of degradation at lower temperatures but an increased rate at higher temperatures. At elevated temperatures, highway runoffs of the deicer may reduce the level of dissolved oxygen in the receiving waters to cause an adverse impact. However, the apparent activation energy calculated for the BOD rate of Ice Shear is low (8.78 kcal mole-1), indicating that the temperature variation may not significantly influence the biodegradation of the deicer compound. Ice Shear appears relatively harmless to aquatic animals, showing a high 96-h LC50 value (16.1 g/L) derived for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Ice Shear causes minimal toxicity to representative roadside vegetation; herbaceous (e.g., sunflowers, beans, and lettuce) and woody (e.g., pine seedlings) plants. Rather, the deicer at low concentrations (less than 2 g/kg soil) seems to work as a fertilizer, promoting the yield of biomass. The test results indicate that Ice Shear poses minimal environmental disturbance in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
已使用标准实验室测试评估了一种替代公路除冰剂“冰剪”（Ice Shear）商标的环境影响；使用了生化需氧量（BOD）测试、化学需氧量（COD）测试、急性虹鳟鱼生物测定和植物毒性测试。冰剪由等摩尔的醋酸钠和甲酸钠组成。除冰剂中的有机物在自然环境中能够很容易地被微生物降解，在较低温度下降解速率较慢，但在较高温度下速率会增加。在高温下，除冰剂的公路径流可能会降低受纳水体中的溶解氧水平，从而造成不利影响。然而，计算得出的冰剪BOD速率的表观活化能较低（8.78千卡/摩尔），这表明温度变化可能不会显著影响除冰剂化合物的生物降解。冰剪对水生动物似乎相对无害，虹鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）的96小时半数致死浓度（LC50）值很高（16.1克/升）。冰剪对代表性的路边植被毒性极小；包括草本植物（如向日葵、豆类和生菜）和木本植物（如松树幼苗）。相反，低浓度（低于2克/千克土壤）的除冰剂似乎起到了肥料的作用，促进了生物量的产量。测试结果表明，冰剪对水生和陆地生态系统造成的环境干扰极小。
