Höppe P, Martinac I
Institute for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
Int J Biometeorol. 1998 Aug;42(1):1-7. doi: 10.1007/s004840050075.
In industrialized countries about 90% of the time is spent indoors. The ambient parameters affecting indoor thermal comfort are air temperature and humidity, air velocity, and radiant heat exchange within an enclosure. In assessing the thermal environment, one needs to consider all ambient parameters, the insulating properties of the occupants' clothing, and the activity level of the occupants by means of heat balance models of the human body. Apart from thermal parameters, air quality (measured and perceived) is also of importance for well-being and health in indoor environments. Pollutant levels are influenced by both outdoor concentrations and by indoor emissions. Indoor levels can thus be lower (e.g. in the case of ozone and SO2) or higher (e.g. for CO2 and formaldehyde) than outdoor levels. Emissions from cooking play an important role, especially in developing countries. The humidity of the ambient air has a wide range of effects on the energy and water balance of the body as well as on elasticity, air quality perception, build-up of electrostatic charge and the formation or mould. However, its effect on the indoor climate is often overestimated. While air-handling systems are commonly used for achieving comfortable indoor climates, their use has also been linked to a variety of problems, some of which have received attention within the context of "sick building syndrome".
在工业化国家，人们大约90%的时间是在室内度过的。影响室内热舒适度的环境参数包括空气温度和湿度、空气流速以及围护结构内的辐射热交换。在评估热环境时，需要通过人体热平衡模型来考虑所有环境参数、居住者衣物的隔热性能以及居住者的活动水平。除了热参数外，空气质量（测量值和感知值）对室内环境中的健康和幸福也很重要。污染物水平受室外浓度和室内排放的影响。因此，室内污染物水平可能低于（如臭氧和二氧化硫的情况）或高于（如二氧化碳和甲醛的情况）室外水平。烹饪排放起着重要作用，尤其是在发展中国家。环境空气湿度对人体的能量和水平衡以及弹性、空气质量感知、静电荷积聚和霉菌形成等有广泛影响。然而，其对室内气候的影响往往被高估。虽然空气处理系统通常用于实现舒适的室内气候，但其使用也与各种问题有关，其中一些问题在“病态建筑综合症”的背景下受到了关注。
