Widemo F
Section of Animal Ecology, Department of Zoology, Uppsala University
Anim Behav. 1998 Aug;56(2):329-336. doi: 10.1006/anbe.1998.0792.
In the ruff, there are two alternative male reproductive strategies. The majority of males of this lekking bird attempt to establish and defend territories on leks, and are referred to as Independents. Other males, referred to as Satellites, forego this behaviour and instead attempt to get access to the territories defended by Independents by acting submissively. The system is thought to be an example of a mixed evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS), where the two strategies have equal fitness payoffs and are maintained by negative frequency-dependent selection. Satellites visited leks at the same time as females, and were associated with territory-holding Independents which were successful in attracting females. This appeared to be an effect both of Satellites following females, and of females being attracted to Independents that dominated submissive Satellites. Males pursuing the two strategies benefited from the presence of each other, at least to some extent. In this study, Satellites got fewer copulations than expected by their proportion in the population. Satellites on leks might have increased longevity or reproductive life span, and gained copulations off leks and while migrating, to compensate for their low observed mating success on leks. The Satellite strategy may be a low-cost, low-benefit strategy, which may have equal average lifetime reproductive success as the territorial strategy Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
在艾草松鸡中，存在两种可供选择的雄性繁殖策略。这种求偶场鸟类的大多数雄性试图在求偶场上建立并保卫领地，它们被称为独立者。其他雄性，即卫星鸟，放弃这种行为，而是通过表现出顺从的姿态来试图进入由独立者保卫的领地。该系统被认为是混合进化稳定策略（ESS）的一个例子，其中这两种策略具有相等的适应度收益，并通过负频率依赖选择得以维持。卫星鸟与雌性同时到访求偶场，并与成功吸引雌性的占据领地的独立者在一起。这似乎既是卫星鸟跟随雌性的结果，也是雌性被支配顺从卫星鸟的独立者所吸引的结果。采取这两种策略的雄性至少在一定程度上从彼此的存在中受益。在这项研究中，卫星鸟获得的交配次数比按其在种群中的比例预期的要少。求偶场上的卫星鸟可能延长了寿命或繁殖寿命，并在离开求偶场和迁徙期间获得了交配机会，以弥补它们在求偶场上观察到的低交配成功率。卫星策略可能是一种低成本、低收益的策略，其平均终身繁殖成功率可能与领地策略相等。版权所有1998年动物行为研究协会
