Bengur A R, Li J S, Herlong J R, Jaggers J, Sanders S P, Ungerleider R M
Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998 Oct;10(4):255-64. doi: 10.1016/s1043-0679(98)70026-7.
This article reviews the use of intraoperative echocardiography during repair of congenital heart defects. Although initial experience was generated using epicardial transducers, there has been a trend in recent years toward the use of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in the operating room. This has encouraged increased involvement from cardiologists and anesthesiologists. New probe designs have provided biplane imaging via the TEE approach in infants weighing more than 2.5 kg. Smaller infants may still require epicardial imaging, so it is helpful for surgeons to maintain some skill in this technique. This article reviews the utility of intraoperative echocardiography for various congenital heart defects by providing examples from our experience at Duke University Medical Center since 1987 with close to 2,000 cases. Furthermore, we review and report for the first time our experience with TEE since 1993 in the operating room during infant heart surgery (493 patients). Along with this experience, we provide a review of important series in the literature to outline recommendations for the use of echocardiography during infant heart repair.
本文回顾了先天性心脏缺陷修复术中经食管超声心动图的应用。尽管最初的经验是使用心外膜换能器获得的，但近年来手术室中使用经食管超声心动图（TEE）已成为一种趋势。这促使心脏病学家和麻醉学家更多地参与其中。新的探头设计通过TEE方法为体重超过2.5千克的婴儿提供了双平面成像。较小的婴儿可能仍需要心外膜成像，因此外科医生掌握这项技术的一些技能会有所帮助。本文通过提供自1987年以来我们在杜克大学医学中心近2000例病例的经验实例，回顾了术中经食管超声心动图对各种先天性心脏缺陷的应用价值。此外，我们首次回顾并报告了自1993年以来我们在婴儿心脏手术（493例患者）的手术室中使用TEE的经验。结合这一经验，我们还回顾了文献中的重要系列研究，以概述婴儿心脏修复术中超声心动图使用的建议。
