Preclinical review of cerivastatin sodium--a step forward in HMG-CoA reductase inhibition.

Epidemiological studies have established that elevated concentrations of plasma cholesterol, particularly the low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, is one of the major risk factors for the development of arteriosclerosis and ischemic heart disease. Treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (vastatins) has become the most successful drug treatment in lowering total plasma and LDL cholesterol concentrations in the last years. The vastatins already available for treatment are therapeutically used in a dose-range between 10 and 80 mg/day. The new enantiomerically pure pyridine derivative cerivastatin sodium has demonstrated its efficacy in significantly lower doses in the microgram-range, not only in preclinical but also in clinical studies with daily doses of only 0.1-0.3 mg. The differences in the therapeutic doses are reflected by the Ki- and IC50-values from enzyme inhibition tests in comparison with various HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Cerivastatin sodium exhibits much higher enzyme affinity with factors between 70 and almost 200. The Ki-value for cerivastatin sodium was 1.3 x 10(-9) M in comparison to 150 x 10(-9) M for lovastatin. The extremely high enzyme affinity of cerivastatin sodium was also reflected in its high activity in vivo. In acute in vivo studies cerivastatin sodium inhibited the hepatic [14C]cholesterol synthesis from [14C]acetate in both rats and dogs by 50% after oral administration at doses of 0.002 mg/kg body weight (ED50-values). This dose was comparable to 0.3 mg/kg of lovastatin. In subchronic dog studies a dose of 0.03 mg/kg lowered the serum LDL cholesterol concentration by 35% which is comparable with doses of 8-10 mg lovastatin/kg. Interesting results were observed in cholestyramine-primed dogs when 0.1 mg cerivastatin sodium/kg p.o. markedly decreased the serum triglycerides up to 70%. Cerivastatin shows a favourable pharmacokinetic profile with high liver selectivity. Rat studies have shown almost complete absorption and rapid hepatic clearance. Cerivastatin was highly bound to plasma proteins of rats, dogs and humans (>98%). Cerivastatin metabolites were excreted mainly via feces. The metabolism of cerivastatin sodium in man follows two metabolic pathways, demethylation to metabolite M1 and stereospecific hydroxylation to M23. The three major metabolites M1, M23 and the hydroxylated and demethylated metabolite M24 are highly active inhibitors not only in vitro but also in vivo. The human specific metabolites M23 and M24 inhibited the HMG-CoA reductase isolated from rat liver with the same potency as the parent compound cerivastatin sodium (IC50: 1.0-1.2 x 10(-9) M). M1 was slightly less active. Corresponding pharmacological activity was observed in vivo. M23 and M24 inhibited [14C]cholesterol synthesis from [14C]acetate in rat liver with ED50)-values between 0.001 and 0.002 mg/kg body weight which is similar to cerivastatin sodium and M1 exhibited an ED50-value of <0.006 mg/kg The strong inhibitory activity of these metabolites, in addition to cerivastatin's high enzyme affinity may explain the extraordinary pharmacological activity of cerivastatin and its ultra-low dose in man and demonstrates cerivastatin to be the most active HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor amongst all vastatins.