Kochanska G, Tjebkes T L, Forman D R
Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1407, USA.
Child Dev. 1998 Oct;69(5):1378-89.
We examined emergent regulation of conduct from infancy to the second year. Multiple observational measures at home and in the laboratory assessed, at 8-10 months, the child's restraint and attention (N = 112), and at 13-15 months, compliance to mother, internalization of her prohibition, and quality of motivation in the mother-child teaching context (N = 108). We replicated the findings previously reported for older children that supported our view of compliance and noncompliance as heterogeneous: Committed compliance was higher to maternal "don'ts" than "dos," with the reverse true for situational compliance; girls surpassed boys in committed compliance; and committed, but not situational, compliance related positively, and passive noncompliance negatively, to children's internalization of maternal prohibition. We extended previous work into three new directions: children's committed compliance and passive noncompliance in control contexts related predictably to their motivation in mother-child teaching contexts; restraint at 8-10 months predicted higher committed compliance at 13-15 months; and focused attention at 8-10 months was associated with contemporaneous restraint and modestly with committed compliance to maternal "dos" at 13-15 months.
我们研究了从婴儿期到两岁儿童行为的早期调节。在家中和实验室进行的多项观察性测量评估了8至10个月大儿童的克制和注意力（N = 112），以及13至15个月大儿童在母子教学情境中对母亲的顺从、对母亲禁令的内化以及动机质量（N = 108）。我们重复了之前针对大龄儿童所报告的研究结果，这些结果支持了我们对顺从和不顺从的异质性观点：对于母亲的“禁止”，坚定顺从高于“指令”，情境顺从则相反；在坚定顺从中女孩超过男孩；坚定顺从（而非情境顺从）与儿童对母亲禁令的内化呈正相关，被动不顺从与儿童对母亲禁令的内化呈负相关。我们将先前的研究扩展到三个新方向：在控制情境中儿童的坚定顺从和被动不顺从可预测地与其在母子教学情境中的动机相关；8至10个月时的克制预示着13至15个月时更高的坚定顺从；8至10个月时的专注注意力与同期的克制相关，并与13至15个月时对母亲“指令”的适度坚定顺从相关。
