Eisenberg N, Fabes R A, Carlo G, Speer A L, Switzer G, Karbon M, Troyer D
Arizona State University, Tempe 85287.
J Exp Child Psychol. 1993 Apr;55(2):131-50. doi: 10.1006/jecp.1993.1007.
Examined are the relations of maternal empathy-related characteristics, maternal child-rearing practices, and children's vicarious emotional responding to kindergarteners' and third graders' comforting of a crying infant. Children who exhibited facial personal distress in reaction to the baby cry were less likely to help than were other children. In addition, children's distressed reactions to a different sympathy stimulus (a film) were positively correlated with their distressed reaction to the baby cry; children's self-reported reactions to the sympathy-inducing film also were related to their comforting behavior. For girls, maternal perspective taking was positively related to amount and quality (tone of voice) of comforting behavior. Moreover, maternal use of problem-solving and discussion when their daughters were distressed or anxious were associated with higher levels of girls' helping whereas maternal comforting/affirming in a distressing context was negatively related to helping. The only relation of maternal variables to comforting for boys was a positive correlation between maternal reinforcement and quality of boys' comforting.
研究了母亲与共情相关的特征、母亲的育儿方式以及儿童的替代性情绪反应与幼儿园儿童和三年级学生安慰哭泣婴儿之间的关系。对婴儿哭声表现出面部个人痛苦反应的儿童比其他儿童更不愿意提供帮助。此外，儿童对另一种同情刺激（一部电影）的痛苦反应与他们对婴儿哭声的痛苦反应呈正相关；儿童自我报告的对引发同情电影的反应也与他们的安慰行为有关。对于女孩来说，母亲的换位思考与安慰行为的数量和质量（语气）呈正相关。此外，当女儿感到痛苦或焦虑时，母亲采用解决问题和讨论的方式与女孩更高水平的帮助行为相关，而在痛苦情境中母亲的安慰/肯定与帮助行为呈负相关。母亲变量与男孩安慰行为之间唯一的关系是母亲的强化与男孩安慰质量之间的正相关。
