Structural determinants in 5S RNA and TFIIIA for 7S RNP formation.

C2H2-type zinc-finger modules define a unique structural motif, which is capable of forming specific complexes with both DNA and RNA. While the principles governing DNA binding have been defined in great detail, the mode of RNA recognition remains only poorly understood. In the absence of information from three-dimensional structural analysis of a zinc-finger/RNA complex, we have performed a number of biochemical studies to gain further insight into the molecular details of the interaction of 5S ribosomal RNA with the zinc-finger protein TFIIIA. Previous work had indicated that zinc finger 6 of TFIIIA contacts 5S RNA in close proximity or directly in the loop-A region (nucleotides 10-13). Permutation analysis of this sequence reveals that three of the four nucleotides are of vital importance for RNA recognition. Exchange of unusual and therefore characteristic aromatic residues in finger 6 against aliphatic or other aromatic amino acids reveals that the aromatic character of tryptophan 177 is essential for RNA recognition. Association with helix V in 5S RNA appears to involve specific contacts with the phosphate backbone, as evidenced by ethylation-interference assays. Introduction of multiple internal and 3'-terminal as well as 5'-terminal deletions accompanied by stabilizing sequence substitutions defines a minimal RNA fragment that is sufficient for TFIIIA binding. This RNA molecule includes a truncated/mutated helix I, helix II and helix V, as well as structurally intact loops A and E. Permutation analysis of the loop-E region emphasizes its importance for TFIIIA recognition.