Clinical profile of donepezil in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Although the underlying pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not fully understood, one of its key features is the widespread loss of central cholinergic innervation, known to be fundamental for cognitive processes. This finding led to the hypothesis that pharmacological enhancement of acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmission may alleviate the symptoms of AD. Currently, cholinergic therapy, particularly cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition, represents the most realistic approach to the symptomatic treatment of AD. Donepezil HCl, for example, is a piperidine-based, reversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, chemically distinct from other ChE inhibitors and rationally designed for the symptomatic treatment of AD. It is highly selective for centrally acting AChE, with little or no affinity for butyrylcholinesterase, present predominantly in the periphery. Phase I and II clinical trials demonstrated donepezil's favourable pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety profile with no requirement for dose modification in the elderly or in patients with renal or hepatic impairment. Furthermore, its long half-life supports a simple and convenient once-daily dosing regimen. Subsequent to encouraging phase II clinical trial results, two pivotal, randomized, double-blind phase III trials (of 15 and 30 weeks' duration) demonstrated highly significant improvements in cognition and global function in mild to moderately severe AD patients treated with either 5 or 10 mg/day donepezil compared with placebo. Adverse events in the phase II and III trials, primarily cholinergic in nature, were transient and generally mild in severity and resolved during continued donepezil administration. Thus, the donepezil clinical trials programme has shown that this drug is a clinically effective and well-tolerated, once-daily treatment for the symptoms of mild to moderately severe AD.