Prescription drug formularies in managed care: concerns for the elderly population.

Prescription drug formularies are a key element in the rapidly growing trend of prescription drug benefit management. The use of formularies can increase the quality of prescribing and reduce the costs of prescription drug therapy. This is particularly important to older Americans, who represent about 13% of the population but consume roughly one third of the drugs prescribed in the United States. However, the question of whether the use of formularies affects patient access to pharmaceuticals has not been analyzed sufficiently. This paper identifies benefits and risks to older Americans from the use of prescription drug formularies by third-party payers, analyzes the evidence of those benefits and risks, and proposes areas for future research. An extensive review and synthesis of the literature were performed, focusing on three aspects of drug formulary design: (1) the extent to which health maintenance organizations and insurers consider consumer interests when using formularies; (2) the extent to which formulary design is affected by clinical and economic considerations; and (3) the impact of formularies on the quality of drug care received. Safeguards to guarantee that economic considerations of drug benefit managers do not restrict access to needed drugs are insufficient. Alternatively, no evidence to date shows that the use of formularies adversely affects patients' access to pharmaceutical care. More research is required to understand the process of drug formulary development and the extent to which different formulary recommendations impede on physicians' ability to provide high-quality care.