Ternes T A, Kreckel P, Mueller J
ESWE-Institute for Water Research and Water Technology, Wiesbaden, Germany.
Sci Total Environ. 1999 Jan 12;225(1-2):91-9. doi: 10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00335-0.
Aerobic batch experiments containing a diluted slurry of activated sludge from a real sewage treatment plant (STP) near Frankfurt/Main were undertaken, in order to investigate the persistence of natural estrogens and contraceptives under aerobic conditions. The batch experiments showed that while in contact with activated sludge the natural estrogen 17 beta-estradiol was oxidized to estrone, which was further eliminated in the batch experiments in an approximate linear time dependence. Further degradation products of estrone were not observed. 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone was rapidly eliminated, again without detection of further degradation products. The contraceptive 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol was principally persistent under the selected aerobic conditions, whereas mestranol was rapidly eliminated and small portions of 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol were formed by demethylation. Additionally, two glucuronides of 17 beta-estradiol (17 beta-estradiol-17-glucuronide and 17 beta-estradiol-3-glucuronide) were cleaved in contact with the diluted activated sludge solution and thus 17 beta-estradiol was released. The glucuronidase activity of the activated sludge was further confirmed by the cleavage of 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide (MUF-beta-glucuronide) in a solution of a activated sludge slurry and Milli-Q-water (1:100, v/v). The turnover rate obtained was approximately steady state, with a turnover rate of 0.1 mumol/l for the released MUF. Hence, it is very likely that the glucuronic acid moiety of 17 beta-estradiol glucuronides and other estrogen glucuronides become cleaved in a real municipal STP, so that the concentrations of the free estrogens increase.
进行了需氧分批实验，其中含有来自美因河畔法兰克福附近一家实际污水处理厂（STP）的稀释活性污泥浆，目的是研究天然雌激素和避孕药在需氧条件下的持久性。分批实验表明，与活性污泥接触时，天然雌激素17β-雌二醇被氧化为雌酮，在分批实验中雌酮以近似线性的时间依赖性被进一步去除。未观察到雌酮的进一步降解产物。16α-羟基雌酮迅速被去除，同样未检测到进一步的降解产物。避孕药17α-乙炔雌二醇在选定的需氧条件下基本具有持久性，而炔雌醇迅速被去除，并且通过去甲基化形成了少量的17α-乙炔雌二醇。此外，17β-雌二醇的两种葡萄糖醛酸苷（17β-雌二醇-17-葡萄糖醛酸苷和17β-雌二醇-3-葡萄糖醛酸苷）在与稀释的活性污泥溶液接触时被裂解，从而释放出17β-雌二醇。通过在活性污泥浆溶液和超纯水（1:100，v/v）中4-甲基伞形酮基-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷（MUF-β-葡萄糖醛酸苷）的裂解，进一步证实了活性污泥的葡萄糖醛酸酶活性。获得的周转率接近稳态，释放的MUF的周转率为0.1 μmol/l。因此，很可能17β-雌二醇葡萄糖醛酸苷和其他雌激素葡萄糖醛酸苷的葡萄糖醛酸部分在实际的城市污水处理厂中被裂解，从而使游离雌激素的浓度增加。
