Miyamoto Y
Shiinoki School, Kawasaki.
Shinrigaku Kenkyu. 1998 Oct;69(4):271-8. doi: 10.4992/jjpsy.69.271.
In this study, development of young children's understandings of masked facial expression was examined from the perspective of the development of "theory of mind". In Experiment 1, short stories in which one character masks facial expressions to make another character have false beliefs were presented to 3-, 4-, and 6-year-old. They were asked questions to assess their judgements on various mental states (desire, belief, and intention) of story characters. And, to assess children's "representational theory of mind", they performed a "Smaties Task". The results showed that recognition of masked facial expression was developed from 3 to 4 years. Scores on "Smaties Task" was also improved during the same period. An additional analysis showed that the major determinant of to determine the understanding of masked facial expression was not the age but the possession of "representational theory of mind". In Experiment 2 more sophisticated but similar type of procedures were presented to 3- and 4-year-old children. Results replicated the results in Experiment 1 and the understanding of the intention of characters was also found to develop from 3 to 4 years.
在本研究中，从“心理理论”发展的角度考察了幼儿对蒙面面部表情的理解发展。在实验1中，向3岁、4岁和6岁儿童呈现了一些小故事，故事中一个角色通过蒙面来让另一个角色产生错误信念。研究人员向他们提问，以评估他们对故事角色各种心理状态（欲望、信念和意图）的判断。此外，为了评估儿童的“表征心理理论”，他们进行了一项“聪明豆任务”。结果表明，对蒙面面部表情的识别能力在3到4岁之间得到发展。在同一时期，“聪明豆任务”的得分也有所提高。进一步分析表明，决定对蒙面面部表情理解的主要因素不是年龄，而是是否拥有“表征心理理论”。在实验2中，研究人员向3岁和4岁儿童呈现了更复杂但类似的程序。结果重复了实验1的结果，并且发现对角色意图的理解也在3到4岁之间得到发展。
