Pike-Tay A, Cabrera Valdés V, Bernaldo de Quirós F
Department of Anthropology, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY, 12604, USA.
J Hum Evol. 1999 Mar;36(3):283-317. doi: 10.1006/jhev.1998.0271.
With debate escalating in regard to the prolonged contemporaneity of neandertal and modern human groups in the Franco-Cantabrian region on the one hand, and the late persistence of neandertals (until ca. 28-30,000 B.P.) and Mousterian industries in southern Iberia on the other; sites with Mousterian-Upper Paleolithic sequences from northern Spain play a pivotal role in the ongoing investigation of the Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition in western Europe. An important line of inquiry into the nature of social and economic change from the Middle to Upper Paleolithic is the monitoring of shifts in land use and resource procurement patterns. The recognition of short-term, seasonal patterning in settlement and resource provisioning may provide insights into changes in mobility, territoriality, and social organization that might otherwise be missed. This paper presents results of a seasonality study of fauna from archaeological levels spanning the Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition from the sites of El Castillo, El Pendo, and Cueva Morín in Cantabrian Spain. Data concerning season of death and age at death of prey animals presented here are derived from dental growth mark (increment, annuli) analysis. These data, along with other artifactual and faunal evidence suggest to us that: (1) economic strategies and technologies pervasive in the Upper Paleolithic are rooted in the Cantabrian Middle Paleolithic; and, (2) the apparent increase in deposits from the Middle through Upper Paleolithic may be the signature of a gradual increase in logistical economic strategies including the heightened level of social organization required for their implementation.
一方面，关于尼安德特人与现代人类群体在法国-坎塔布连地区长期共存的争论愈演愈烈；另一方面，关于尼安德特人（直到约公元前28000 - 30000年）和莫斯特文化在伊比利亚半岛南部的晚期延续也存在争议。西班牙北部具有莫斯特文化 - 旧石器时代晚期序列的遗址，在当前对西欧旧石器时代中期向晚期过渡的研究中起着关键作用。对从中石器时代到旧石器时代晚期社会和经济变化本质的一个重要研究方向，是监测土地利用和资源获取模式的转变。认识到定居点和资源供应中的短期季节性模式，可能有助于洞察流动性、领土性和社会组织方面的变化，否则这些变化可能会被忽视。本文展示了对西班牙坎塔布连地区埃尔卡斯蒂略、埃尔彭多和莫里恩洞穴遗址中跨越旧石器时代中期向晚期过渡的考古层动物群进行季节性研究的结果。这里呈现的关于被捕食动物死亡季节和死亡年龄的数据，来自牙齿生长标记（增量、年轮）分析。这些数据，连同其他人工制品和动物群证据，向我们表明：（1）旧石器时代晚期普遍存在的经济策略和技术植根于坎塔布连地区的旧石器时代中期；（2）从中石器时代到旧石器时代晚期沉积物明显增加，可能标志着后勤经济策略逐渐增加，包括实施这些策略所需的社会组织水平提高。
