Latency of cross-axis vestibulo-ocular reflex induced by pursuit training in monkeys.

To examine the latency of smooth pursuit induced, short-term modifications of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), Japanese monkeys were rewarded for tracking a vertically moving target spot synchronized with horizontal whole body rotation. Eye movements induced by equivalent rotation in complete darkness were examined before and after training. Before training, the horizontal trapezoidal rotation (peak acceleration approximately 78%/s2) resulted in a collinear VOR with a mean latency of 15.3 ms, and no orthogonal component in any of the three monkeys tested. After training, the collinear VOR remained unchanged but an orthogonal, cross-axis VOR developed. It had a mean latency of 42.4 ms with gain (eye/chair) of 0.19, followed by a decaying phase that had a mean time constant of 80 ms. These results suggest that the cross-axis VOR induced by pursuit-vestibular interaction is different from previously reported cross-axis VOR induced by optokinetic-vestibular interaction.