bernhard W
Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb. 1976;122(4):497-534.
Metric and statistical methods were used on a series of skulls (n = 100) to examine the relationship of size and shape parameters of the occipital condyles with other skull variables, which might contribute to an understanding of the morphological variability of occipital condyles and the functional importance of the cranio-vertebral joint (occipital-atlantal-joint) in man. A total of 67 metric variables were included which could be classified into three groups: a) linear measurements, indices and angles of the size and position of the condyles (length, breadth, height and size of the condyles surfaces; length-breadth, length-height and breadth-height indices of the condyles; distance measurements and inclination angles of condyles in the horizontal frontal planes). The size of the condylar surfaces was determined using the printing method of Stofft and Müller. b) Length and breadth measurements and angles of the occipital bone on which the condyles are situated; c) Size circumference, weight and volume measurements of the cranium. The variables of groups b) and c) were mostly taken according to the metrical scheme of Martin. Statistical analysis of the material includes measures of frequency distributions (means, variances, skewness and kurtorsis) and intercorrelations of the variables. Most of the metrical characters of the condyles show high intercorrelations. Similarily, to a large extent highly significant correlations were found between variables of the condyles and length and breadth measurements of pars basilaris and lateralis of the occiput, while little or no statistical association was observed with the size variables of squama occipitalis. The same is true of the correlations between metrical characteristics of the condyles and most of the measurements of the cranium. Likewise cranial capacity and weight of the cranium show little correlation with condylar measurements. Therefore the present study does not support the existence of a relationship between cranial weight or the pressure on the cranio-vertebral joint, and the size and position of occipital condyles as supposed by zoologists on the basis of research work on different species of mammals. However the size and distance measures of the condyles show significant correlations with skull height (basi-bregmatic height) and the length of the skull base (basi-nasal length). The highest correlation coefficient values (r = 0.5) were observed between skull height and the size of the surface of the condyles and the length of the condyles. Somewhat smaller but statistically significant r values were found between basi-bregmatic height of skull and the distance measurement between the condyles. The correlation coefficients demonstrate that skull of greater height possess the condyles which are not only larger and longer but show increased distance between the condyles as well, resulting in a larger supporting area for the skull...
运用计量和统计方法对一系列颅骨（n = 100）进行研究，以检验枕髁的大小和形状参数与其他颅骨变量之间的关系，这可能有助于理解枕髁的形态变异性以及人类颅颈关节（枕寰关节）的功能重要性。总共纳入了67个计量变量，这些变量可分为三组：a）髁的大小和位置的线性测量、指数和角度（髁的长度、宽度、高度和表面大小；髁的长宽、长高和宽高指数；髁在水平额平面上的距离测量和倾斜角度）。髁表面的大小采用斯托夫特和米勒的印模法确定。b）髁所在枕骨的长度、宽度测量和角度；c）颅骨的周长、重量和体积测量。b组和c组的变量大多按照马丁的计量方案获取。对这些材料的统计分析包括频率分布测量（均值、方差、偏度和峰度）以及变量间的相互关系。髁的大多数计量特征显示出高度的相互关联性。同样，在很大程度上，髁的变量与枕骨基底和外侧的长度及宽度测量之间发现了高度显著的相关性，而与枕鳞的大小变量几乎没有或没有观察到统计关联。髁的计量特征与颅骨的大多数测量之间的相关性也是如此。同样，颅容量和颅骨重量与髁的测量显示出几乎没有相关性。因此，本研究不支持动物学家基于对不同哺乳动物物种的研究工作所假设的颅骨重量或颅颈关节压力与枕髁大小和位置之间存在关系的观点。然而，髁的大小和距离测量与颅骨高度（颅底至前囟高度）和颅底长度（颅底至鼻根长度）显示出显著的相关性。在颅骨高度与髁表面大小和髁长度之间观察到最高的相关系数值（r = 0.5）。在颅骨的颅底至前囟高度与髁之间的距离测量之间发现了稍小但具有统计学意义的r值。相关系数表明，较高的颅骨所具有的髁不仅更大、更长，而且髁之间的距离也增加，从而为颅骨提供了更大的支撑面积……
