Harrison J, Thompson D, Flanagan H, Tonks P
South Birmingham Business Development Centre.
J Manag Med. 1994;8(1):38-45. doi: 10.1108/02689239410052568.
Acknowledges that business planning in the NHS frequently disappoints. Reasons for this are found in the tendency for managers to view the production of a plan as an end rather than a means. A further difficulty resides in the perception managers have of their world. Argues that marketing is the most appropriate paradigm for understanding and structuring this world at present. However, an adaptive cognitive style is necessary to allow constant reframing within the dominant paradigm or even reframing of the paradigm itself. In adopting these approaches, the probability of achieving competitive advantage is heightened. If they are ignored, however, it is likely that training and development techniques, however sophisticated, will have little lasting impact.
认识到国民保健制度（NHS）中的业务规划常常令人失望。其原因在于管理者倾向于将制定计划视为目的而非手段。另一个困难在于管理者对自身所处世界的认知。认为市场营销是目前理解和构建这个世界的最合适范式。然而，需要一种适应性认知风格，以便在主导范式内不断重新构建，甚至对范式本身进行重新构建。采用这些方法会提高获得竞争优势的可能性。然而，如果忽视这些方法，无论培训和发展技术多么复杂，都可能不会产生持久影响。
