McConnell C R
Genesee Hospital, Rochester, NY.
Health Care Superv. 1995 Mar;13(3):71-9.
The concepts at the heart of total quality management (TQM) have existed for several decades, resurfacing every few years with variations, each time under a new name. Most efforts at incorporating these concepts into the operation of a business organization have failed, but each time the concepts come back, they meet with incrementally greater success than the previous time. This increasing rate of success is due largely to the shifting management paradigm. What we think and believe about management is making the gradual transition from strict authoritarianism, far more of an influence than we readily recognize, toward a practiced belief in true participative management. The closer the shifting management paradigm moves to open participation, the more success will accrue to total quality implementations.
全面质量管理（TQM）核心的理念已经存在了几十年，每隔几年就会以不同的形式重新出现，每次都有一个新名字。将这些理念融入商业组织运营的大多数努力都失败了，但每次这些理念再度出现时，它们取得的成功都比上一次有所增加。这种成功率的不断提高在很大程度上归因于管理范式的转变。我们对管理的看法和信念正在从严格的独裁主义逐渐转变，这种影响比我们轻易意识到的要大得多，转向对真正参与式管理的切实信念。管理范式越接近开放参与，全面质量实施就会取得越大的成功。
