Natural hazards: causes and effects. Lesson 5--Tropical cyclones (hurricanes, typhoons, baguios, cordonazos, tainos).

The many conclusions drawn and lessons learned from past cyclones can be used to mitigate and better respond to future occurrences. Some of the most helpful are listed below: 1) Outbreaks of cholera do not follow cyclones. Cholera must be endemic previously to a community; 2) Waterborne diseases do not increase as a result of cyclones; 3) Massive food aid rarely is required after a cyclone; 4) Used clothing almost never is needed. It usually is culturally inappropriate. Though accepted by disaster victims, it almost never is worn; 5) Blankets can be useful, but if they are needed, they usually can be found locally and do not need to be imported; 6) Assistance by outsiders is most effective in the reconstruction period, not the emergency phase; 7) Most needs are met by the victims themselves or their local governments; 8) In general, victims do not respond to disasters with abnormal behavior. Cyclones do not incite panic, hysteria, or rioting; 9) Cyclone relief and reconstruction programs should be integrated with long-term development programs; 10) When properly executed, reconstruction assistance can provide a strong stimulus to recovery and a base for future development work; 11) Reconstruction programs should seek to reduce vulnerability to future disaster; 12) Re-establishment of the local economy, income security, and agriculture usually are more important to cyclone victims than is material assistance; and 13) Churches, schools, and other large buildings that often are designated as cyclone shelters usually are not safe. The number of deaths attributed to destroyed or flooded shelters is alarming. Most experts agree that the best alternative is adequate warning and evacuation of the threatened areas.