Czernik A, Steinmeyer E
Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr (1970). 1976 Dec 30;222(4):339-58. doi: 10.1007/BF00343242.
Thirty-seven acute schizophrenics and 25 normal subjects were investigated with regard to their spatial perception, representation, and their spatial ability, Schizophrenics showed significantly poorer performances (in terms of quantity) in those variables, which characterized the ocular apprehension of structures and wholes, the relation of parts to a whole, or the analysis of a whole in its various components as well as the availability of visual engrams, partly in the sense of spatial representation, and the practical realization of imagined spatial configurations. On the other hand, in ocular apprehension, interpretation, and when necessary the practical realization of two-dimensional represented spatial symbols and configurations and perspective abilities there was only statistical trend for quantitatively poorer performances in schizophrenics compared with healthy persons. Factor analysis of the intercorrelation matrices for 14 variables separated out the same 4 factors in each group for space perception and spatial ability. In spite of the demonstrated "quantitative" differences for the single variables between the two groups a marked similarity in a "qualitative" sense was found, when the two-factor structures were compared mathematically (similarity coefficient: 0.664). In order to specify these differences, 56 schizophrenics were classified as paranoid or nonparanoid and investigated in the above-mentioned manner. While these groups did not show any significant quantitative difference concerning their performances at variable level, they showed entirely different structures using factor analysis. Spatial perception of the paranoid schizophrenics seemed less structured and their perceptual conception less systematical. On the other hand, when factor structures from nonparanoids and healthy controls were compared mathematically, both groups showed a marked similarity (0.783). An attempt was made to relate these results to other findings of literature and to theories of cognitive and perceptual dysfunctions of schizophrenics.
对37名急性精神分裂症患者和25名正常受试者的空间感知、表象及空间能力进行了研究。精神分裂症患者在那些表征对结构和整体的视觉领会、部分与整体的关系、对整体各组成部分的分析以及视觉记忆痕迹的可用性（部分在空间表象意义上）以及想象空间构型的实际实现等变量方面，表现出明显较差（在数量方面）的成绩。另一方面，在对二维呈现的空间符号和构型的视觉领会、解释以及必要时的实际实现和透视能力方面，与健康人相比，精神分裂症患者在数量上表现较差仅存在统计学趋势。对14个变量的相互关系矩阵进行因子分析，在空间感知和空间能力方面，每组都分离出相同的4个因子。尽管两组之间单个变量存在已证明的“数量”差异，但在对两因子结构进行数学比较时（相似系数：0.664），发现了在“质量”意义上的显著相似性。为了明确这些差异，将56名精神分裂症患者分为偏执型或非偏执型，并以上述方式进行研究。虽然这些组在变量水平上的表现没有显示出任何显著的数量差异，但使用因子分析时它们显示出完全不同的结构。偏执型精神分裂症患者的空间感知似乎结构较差，其感知概念也较缺乏系统性。另一方面，当对非偏执型患者和健康对照组的因子结构进行数学比较时，两组显示出显著的相似性（0.783）。人们试图将这些结果与文献中的其他发现以及精神分裂症患者认知和感知功能障碍的理论联系起来。
