Richardson J M
Fairmont Hospital, San Leandro, CA.
Physician Exec. 1990 Sep-Oct;16(5):37-8.
To be an effective communicator, the manager must understand the obstructions that exist in sending and receiving messages. These barriers to communication are infinite in number and include language, education, experience, understanding, perception, semantics, faulty transmission, environment, personal interests, and physical, physiological, and psychological factors. One of the most serious barriers to communication is defensiveness, which creates negative feelings and counterproductive results.
要成为一名有效的沟通者，管理者必须了解在信息发送和接收过程中存在的障碍。这些沟通障碍数不胜数，包括语言、教育、经验、理解、认知、语义、错误传递、环境、个人兴趣以及身体、生理和心理因素。沟通中最严重的障碍之一是防御心理，它会产生负面情绪并导致适得其反的结果。
