Cost effectiveness of the prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.

The purpose of this article is to review and critically appraise the cost-effectiveness analyses that have compared various modalities for the prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism. Studies were identified by MEDLINE search and review of bibliographies of retrieved articles. Original economic analyses for the prevention or treatment of venous thromboembolism published in the English language literature were included in the analysis. In addition to collecting clinical and economic data, the methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using predefined criteria. Separate analyses were performed for studies of the prevention, and of the treatment, of venous thromboembolism following general surgery and following total hip arthroplasty. Fourteen cost-effectiveness analyses involving thromboembolic prophylaxis following total hip arthroplasty and 7 following general surgery met the eligibility criteria for this analysis. Each of the total hip arthroplasty studies containing a 'no intervention arm' determined that effective forms of prophylaxis not only reduced the rates of venous thromboembolic complications, but were less costly than a strategy of not providing venous thromboembolic prophylaxis. Six of 7 studies found low-molecular-weight (LMW) heparin to be more effective, and 4 of 7 found it to be less costly, than either unfractionated heparin or warfarin for the prevention of venous thrombosis following total hip arthroplasty. Following general surgical procedures, 6 of 7 studies found prophylaxis to be both more effective and less costly than no prophylaxis. Two studies also concluded that LMW heparin was more effective and less costly than unfractionated heparin for the prevention of DVT after general surgery. In general, the studies included in this overview were of high methodological quality with 11 of 15 studies fulfilling 4 or more of the 6 criteria for sound cost-effectiveness analyses. Effective venous thromboembolic prophylaxis results in fewer complications and is less costly than no prophylaxis following general surgery and total hip arthroplasty. LMW heparin was reported to be more efficacious and cost effective than unfractionated heparin following general surgery, and unfractionated heparin and warfarin following total hip arthroplasty. However, these findings must be regarded with caution in view of recent clinical trials and a meta-analysis reporting that the efficacy of LMW heparin and unfractionated heparin are similar following general surgery, and the efficacy of LMW heparin and warfarin are similar following total hip arthroplasty. Conclusions about the most cost-effective treatment for DVT await the publication of cost analyses from clinical trials comparing outpatient subcutaneous LMW heparin with inpatient therapy with intravenous unfractionated heparin.