Rule B G, Milke D L, Dobbs A R
J Appl Gerontol. 1992 Dec;11(4):475-88. doi: 10.1177/073346489201100407.
Older people experience sensory, cognitive, and social deficits that adversely affect their interaction with the environment. Design of institutions for the elderly resident should be prosthetic to ensure that environments optimally accommodate the functioning of the residents. The sensory and cognitive state of the residents should be considered in every facility. This review discusses how sensory and cognitive changes in aging affect orientation and wayfinding as well as how the physical aspects of the environment can accommodate these changes to reduce confusion and disorientation. Environmental features that promote social interaction are reviewed. Because the environmental needs and unique characteristics of the cognitively impaired resident differs from that of the nonimpaired resident, special issues in the design of facilities for demented residents are reviewed. Conclusions are offered with regard to research needs and applied problems.
老年人会经历感觉、认知和社交方面的缺陷，这些缺陷会对他们与环境的互动产生不利影响。老年居民居住机构的设计应具有辅助功能，以确保环境能最佳地适应居民的功能需求。每个设施都应考虑居民的感觉和认知状态。本综述讨论了衰老过程中的感觉和认知变化如何影响定向和寻路，以及环境的物理方面如何适应这些变化以减少困惑和迷失方向。还综述了促进社交互动的环境特征。由于认知障碍居民的环境需求和独特特征与非障碍居民不同，因此对痴呆症居民设施设计中的特殊问题进行了综述。针对研究需求和应用问题给出了结论。
