Ljungkvist M O, Andersson D, Gunnarsson B
Apoteksbolaget, Stockholm, Sweden.
Health Policy. 1997 Sep;41 Suppl:S55-69. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8510(97)00053-5.
Issues of efficiency, access, equity and cost have informed Swedish national policy toward pharmaceuticals for many years. While retail pharmacies have been owned and operated by a single state company since 1971, the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals has remained privately owned and operated. Costs to the health care system for pharmaceuticals have been rising 4-8% in the last several years, despite greater use of generic substitutes. Beyond price-reduction pressures created by the state retail monopoly, by reference pricing, by positive lists, and by an expanded system of capped patient copayments, the national government is considering plans to decentralise responsibility for all outpatients as well as inpatient drug expenditures to the 26 country councils.
多年来，效率、可及性、公平性和成本问题一直影响着瑞典国家药品政策。自1971年以来，零售药店一直由一家国有公司拥有和运营，而药品生产仍为私有并由私人运营。尽管更多地使用了通用替代品，但过去几年医疗保健系统的药品成本仍以4%-8%的速度增长。除了国家零售垄断、参考定价、正面清单以及扩大的患者共付额上限制度所带来的降价压力外，国家政府正在考虑将所有门诊患者以及住院药品支出的责任下放到26个郡议会的计划。
