Gilbert N
J Policy Anal Manage. 1982 Spring;1(3):301-16.
In the early 1960s, the motivating theme of social services in the American welfare state was reduction of economic dependency. At that time services were highly selective, aimed mainly at poor people. Between 1960 and 1980 there was a drift toward univeralism, as the welfare state expanded to serve an increasing number of middle-class groups. This expansion of the welfare state was related to several social and demographic trends, and was accompanied by basic changes in the scope and purpose of social services. As the welfare state has moved toward universal entitlement to social services, a number of contradictions between the theory and practice of universalism in a capitalist society have surfaced. These contradictions lend a degree of support to the resurgence of selectivity which the welfare state is currently experiencing.
20世纪60年代初，美国福利国家社会服务的激励主题是减少经济依赖。当时，服务具有高度选择性，主要针对贫困人口。1960年至1980年间，随着福利国家扩大服务范围以惠及越来越多的中产阶级群体，出现了向普遍主义的转变。福利国家的这种扩张与若干社会和人口趋势相关，并伴随着社会服务范围和目的的根本变化。随着福利国家朝着社会服务普遍权利的方向发展，资本主义社会普遍主义理论与实践之间的一些矛盾浮出水面。这些矛盾在一定程度上支持了福利国家目前正在经历的选择性的复苏。
