Berkowitz E, McQuaid K
Soc Serv Rev. 1980 Mar;54(1):45-58. doi: 10.1086/643803.
Contrary to the impression left by historians, neither welfare expansion nor welfare reform died in the 1950s. Even conservatives believed in the necessity of federal spending for welfare. Disagreements came over the proper ways to spend federal money. The Eisenhower administration propagated a rehabilitation approach in an attempt to use federal money to end individual, state, and local dependence on the federal government. The administration's 1954 social security and vocational rehabilitation laws reflected this approach. Bureaucrats in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, working with a Democratic Congress, managed to extend the 1954 laws into a major expansion of federal power, as the passage of disability insurance in 1956 demonstrated. Institutional continuity, not heroic individual effort, provided the dynamic for welfare reform in the 1950s.
与历史学家留下的印象相反，福利扩张和福利改革在20世纪50年代都没有消亡。甚至保守派也认为联邦政府有必要为福利支出。分歧在于联邦资金的合理使用方式。艾森豪威尔政府推行了一种复兴方法，试图用联邦资金结束个人、州和地方对联邦政府的依赖。政府1954年的社会保障和职业康复法就反映了这种方法。卫生、教育和福利部的官僚们与民主党控制的国会合作，成功地将1954年的法律扩展为联邦权力的一次重大扩张，1956年通过的残疾保险就是证明。制度的连续性，而非个人的英勇努力，为20世纪50年代的福利改革提供了动力。
