Schwartz B L
Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami 33199, USA.
Memory. 1998 Nov;6(6):623-42. doi: 10.1080/741943371.
The tip-of-the-tongue state (TOT) is the phenomenological experience that a target word is on the verge of being recalled. An illusory TOT occurs when a person experiences a TOT, but the actual target is either unavailable, forgotten, or never learned. Illusory TOTs were induced by asking participants to answer questions that did not have correct answers. In Experiment 1, an episodic-memory paradigm, participants were shown fictional animals, some of which were accompanied by the animal's name (identified targets) and some of which were not (unidentified targets). Some participants experienced TOTs for unidentified targets. In Experiment 2, a semantic-memory paradigm, participants were asked general-information questions, some of which were questions with no correct answer. Every one of the 31 participants experienced at least one illusory TOT. The characteristics of illusory TOTs are discussed in light of inferential and direct-access views of TOTS.
舌尖状态（TOT）是一种现象学体验，即一个目标单词即将被回忆起来。当一个人经历舌尖状态，但实际目标要么无法获取、被遗忘，要么从未学过时，就会出现虚幻的舌尖状态。通过要求参与者回答没有正确答案的问题来诱发虚幻的舌尖状态。在实验1（一个情景记忆范式）中，向参与者展示虚构动物，其中一些动物伴有动物的名字（已识别目标），一些则没有（未识别目标）。一些参与者对未识别目标经历了舌尖状态。在实验2（一个语义记忆范式）中，向参与者提问一般信息问题，其中一些是没有正确答案的问题。31名参与者中的每一个人都至少经历了一次虚幻的舌尖状态。根据舌尖状态的推理和直接通达观点讨论了虚幻舌尖状态的特征。
