Muggleton J M, Allen R, Chappell P H
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, Highfield, UK.
Ergonomics. 1999 May;42(5):714-39. doi: 10.1080/001401399185405.
Musculoskeletal disorders are the most common self-reported, work-related illness in the UK, with upper limb disorders ranking second only to back complaints. The rapid increase in disablement cases, the reduced productivity resulting from the disorders, and, perhaps, the threat of litigation which is on the increase, has led to an increased awareness of the problems and an increasing desire to reduce the incidence of such disorders. This paper reviews the problem of upper limb disorders and focuses on those disorders that could be associated with repetitive manual work in industry. The disorders are described and categorized, and potential occupational risk factors are discussed and related to the injuries. In addition, a number of preventive measures, in the form of ergonomics design changes and changes in workplace practice are reviewed. There are frequent calls for well-designed epidemiological studies, so that meaningful dose-response relationships can be drawn up. A significant part of good study design is associated with measurement and analysis of the user-tool interface and the working environment. With this in mind, a variety of measurement techniques are described. Furthermore, this paper highlights the need for study designs to be founded on a better understanding of the potential damage mechanisms, and points the way towards which areas should be investigated.
肌肉骨骼疾病是英国最常见的自我报告的与工作相关的疾病，其中上肢疾病仅次于背部疾病，位居第二。致残病例的迅速增加、这些疾病导致的生产力下降，以及或许日益增加的诉讼威胁，已使人们对这些问题的认识有所提高，并越来越希望降低此类疾病的发病率。本文回顾了上肢疾病问题，并着重关注那些可能与工业中的重复性体力劳动相关的疾病。对这些疾病进行了描述和分类，并讨论了潜在的职业风险因素及其与损伤的关系。此外，还回顾了一些以人体工程学设计改变和工作场所实践改变形式出现的预防措施。人们经常呼吁开展精心设计的流行病学研究，以便能够得出有意义的剂量反应关系。良好研究设计的一个重要部分与用户-工具界面和工作环境的测量与分析有关。考虑到这一点，本文描述了多种测量技术。此外，本文强调研究设计需要建立在对潜在损伤机制的更好理解基础之上，并指出了应进行调查的领域方向。
