Seward J P
Health Services Department, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA.
Occup Med. 1999 Apr-Jun;14(2):285-304.
This chapter reviews the epidemiology, manifestations, etiologic agents, and exposure controls related to occupational allergies from animals and insects, including both respiratory and dermatologic responses. The overall prevalence of allergic respiratory symptoms in exposed workers is about 23% 4-9% of exposed individuals develop asthma. Symptom development is related to duration and intensity of exposure. The most prevalent dermatologic findings are contact urticaria and eczematous dermatitis. While a history of atopy is associated with the risk of symptom development, this factor has poor predictive value for any given individual. Similarly, skin testing and RAST testing are not sufficiently predictive to be recommended as screening tools, although they may identify individuals at some increased risk. The specific tissue sources of the major allergens are reviewed; for laboratory rats and mice, a urinary protein complex has been implicated. Environmental control of antigens is key in the prevention of allergic disease. Task-specific engineering controls, general environmental hygiene, training, and medical surveillance of workers are important elements of the prevention program.
本章回顾了与动物和昆虫引起的职业性过敏相关的流行病学、表现、病原体及接触控制，包括呼吸道和皮肤反应。暴露工人中过敏性呼吸道症状的总体患病率约为23%，4%-9%的暴露个体发展为哮喘。症状的发展与接触的持续时间和强度有关。最常见的皮肤表现是接触性荨麻疹和湿疹性皮炎。虽然特应性病史与症状发展风险相关，但该因素对任何特定个体的预测价值较差。同样，皮肤试验和放射性变应原吸附试验作为筛查工具的预测性不足，尽管它们可能识别出一些风险增加的个体。文中回顾了主要过敏原的具体组织来源；对于实验大鼠和小鼠，一种尿蛋白复合物被认为与之有关。对抗原进行环境控制是预防过敏性疾病的关键。特定任务的工程控制、一般环境卫生、培训以及对工人的医学监测是预防计划的重要组成部分。
