Spanagel R, Hölter S M
Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
Alcohol Alcohol. 1999 Mar-Apr;34(2):231-43. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/34.2.231.
In order to study the neurobiological and molecular mechanisms of alcohol dependence and addiction, appropriate animal models are warranted. Although animal models cannot incorporate all aspects and criteria of an addictive behaviour to alcohol seen in human alcoholics, they can at least reflect some of the criteria given in the fourth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) of the American Psychiatric Association (1994). Novel aspects of addictive behaviour to alcohol, craving and relapse might be uncovered by animal models of long-term, free-choice, alcohol self-administration followed by alcohol deprivation phases. After several months of voluntary alcohol consumption, the drug-taking behaviour following a deprivation (withdrawal) phase is characterized by increased alcohol intake and preference (alcohol deprivation effect) and changes in alcohol intake patterns where animals consume large amounts of highly concentrated alcohol solutions even at inappropriate times (e.g. during the inactive light phase when drinking activity is minimal). Altogether, alcohol drinking following alcohol deprivation seems to become uncontrolled and inelastic, reflecting an incentive demand for the drug in such a model. Furthermore, the alcohol deprivation effect outlasts very long abstinence phases, which indicates the persistence of a drug memory for alcohol.
为了研究酒精依赖和成瘾的神经生物学及分子机制，合适的动物模型是必要的。虽然动物模型无法涵盖人类酗酒者中酒精成瘾行为的所有方面和标准，但它们至少可以反映美国精神病学协会《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》第四版（DSM-IV，1994年）中给出的一些标准。长期自由选择酒精自我给药并随后经历酒精剥夺阶段的动物模型，可能会揭示酒精成瘾行为、渴望和复发的新方面。在自愿摄入酒精数月后，剥夺（戒断）阶段后的药物摄取行为的特征是酒精摄入量和偏好增加（酒精剥夺效应），以及酒精摄入模式的变化，即动物即使在不适当的时间（例如在活动最少的光照期）也会大量饮用高浓度酒精溶液。总之，酒精剥夺后的饮酒行为似乎变得不受控制且缺乏弹性，反映了这种模型中对药物的一种激励需求。此外，酒精剥夺效应在很长的禁欲阶段后仍然存在，这表明对酒精的药物记忆具有持久性。
